Test sensor with multiple sampling routes

ABSTRACT

An improved disposable electrochemical test sensor designed to facilitate sampling of fluid samples. It has a fluid chamber having a novel extra wide sampling entrance. The chamber provides a reservoir from which a sample fluid can be drawn into the chamber through capillary action. The novel extra wide sampling entrance of the test sensor provided by the present invention can draw blood into the chamber not only from the front of the sampling entrance as usual in convenient sensors, but also from the top, bottom, left corner and right corner of the sampling entrance. Thus it allows easy targeting the samples with small volume, picking up smeared samples and it is more tolerant to users who jam the tip of the sensor into users&#39; finger.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention generally relates to a test sensor or strip. Morespecifically, the present invention generally relates to a disposablebiosensor with a thin layer fluid chamber that is adapted to receive afluid sample with small volume. Still more specifically, the presentinvention generally relates an electrochemical biosensor with a novelextra wide sampling entrance. Still more specifically, the presentinvention generally relates an electrochemical biosensor with the fluidchamber with extra wide sampling entrance that can receive a fluidsample from multiple routes. Still more specifically, the presentinvention relates methods of making and using the biosensors.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Electrochemical biosensors or disposable test sensors such as strips arewell known and have been used to determine the concentration of variousanalytes from biological samples, particularly from blood. The accuratedetermination of analytes in body fluids is of great importance in thediagnoses of certain physiological abnormalities. In particular, it isimportant that diabetic individuals frequently check their glucose levelin their body fluids to regulate the glucose intake in their dailydiets. The results of such tests can be used to determine the insulindosage or other medication needs to be administered. In one type ofblood-glucose testing system, test sensors, or called glucose strips,are used by diabetic individuals to test a sample of blood in connectionwith a hand-held meter. The glucose strips are used by millions ofdiabetics throughout the world on a daily base.

There are hundreds of brand names of glucose strips in the market. Theyare very similar in terms of sensor construction: i.e., a channel orchamber is formed between a generally U-shaped spacer and is adapted toreceive blood from the opening end of the sensor through capillaryaction and escape air from the other end through an air escape vent. Inorder to reduce blood volume, thus reduce pain from piercing finger orother sampling points, the blood receiving chamber is usually small and,as a result, the sampling entrance is also relatively small. As thevolume of fluid chambers in the sensors decreases, it becomesincreasingly more difficult to fill the fluid chamber with the sample tobe analyzed. It has been observed that users may abuse the test sensorby jamming the tip of the test sensor into the individual's finger,which very probably results in incomplete blood filling, non-continuousfilling or wiggling of blood flow. Additionally, in some existing testsensors, it is difficult to position the fluid sample within the channelentrance opening especially for those diabetics who have poor visionand/or trembling hands. Besides, blood samples turn to smear around thetip of fingers or other sampling points. It becomes very difficult todraw such smeared blood into the sensor chamber. Each of theseshortcomings may, either individually or when combined with one or moreof the other shortcomings, contribute to erroneous measurement readingsduring analysis and may eventually lead to biased readings, and as aresult, wrong dosage of insulin administration and even life threateningerrors may occur.

Therefore, in order to reduce or eliminate such biased readings causedby such user action and/or reduce the difficulty in connection withsampling, it would be highly desirable to have a more user friendly testsensor that could easily target sample, easily draw sample into thefluid chamber, and alleviate incomplete filling, non-continuous fillingand other issues that may result in inaccurate test results. The presentdisclosure is directed to a novel design and method to overcome one ormore of the limitations in the prior arts.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to the first embodiment, a disposable electrochemical testsensor has a fluid sample chamber having a novel extra wide samplingentrance. Such a design is adapted to improve sampling of fluid samples.The fluid chamber provides a reservoir from which sample fluid can bedrawn into the sample receiving chamber through capillary action. Inpreferred embodiments, the sensor consists of multiple layers whichinclude a first base layer having conductive coatings serving as workingand reference electrodes and having a notch at the sampling entrance endto create additional sampling point; a second base layer having at leastone cutout to define the electrode areas and load chemistries and havinga notch at the sampling entrance end to create additional samplingpoint; a first upper layer having semi-circular shape cutout serving asspacer and being slightly shorter than other layers at the sampling endallowing openings at the left and right corners in communication withthe fluid chamber; and a second upper layer with a hydrophilic surfacefacing to the chamber and vent openings at the distal end of thechamber. The base and upper layers are attached through adhesives orother ways to bond each other. Note that the two base layers and thesecond upper layer are aligned at the front end while the first upperlayer is not exposed at the front end as it is slightly shorter. Assuch, the fluid chamber is formed between a portion of the lower layersurface and the upper layer surface at one end of the sensor, while theother end of the sensor having conductive layer exposed serve aselectric contacts in connection with a monitor or meter. The novel extrawide sampling entrance provided by the present invention can draw bloodinto the chamber through any part of the sampling entrance opening, i.e.it can draw blood into the chamber not only from the front of thesampling entrance as usual in convenient sensors, but also from thebottom, left corner and right corner of the sampling entrance. Thus itallows easily targeting the samples with small volume, picking upsmeared samples and alleviating jamming the opening end.

According to the second embodiment, a disposable electrochemical testsensor has a fluid sample chamber having a novel extra wide samplingentrance. Such a design is adapted to improve sampling of fluid samples.The fluid chamber provides a reservoir from which sample fluid can bedrawn into the sample receiving chamber through capillary action. Inpreferred embodiments, the sensor consists of multiple layers whichinclude a base layer having conductive coatings serving as working andreference electrodes and having a notch at the sampling entrance end tocreate additional sampling point; a second base layer used to define theelectrode areas and load chemistries and having a notch at the samplingentrance end to create additional sampling point; a first upper layerhaving semi-circular shape cutout serving as spacer and being slightlyshorter than the base layers and being recessed from a front edge of aupper layer sampling end at the sampling end allowing openings at theleft and right corners in communication with the fluid chamber; and asecond upper layer with a hydrophilic surface facing to the chamber andvent openings at the distal end of the chamber. The second upper layeris slightly longer than the first upper layer at the sampling end, butslightly shorter than the two base layers, such that the corner opening(both left and right) is created and the surface of the second baselayer is partially exposed allowing a top opening once the second upperlayer is laminated with other layers. The base and upper layers areattached through adhesives or other ways to bond each other. Note thatthe two base layers are aligned while the first and second upper layersat the sampling entrance end are not aligned as they are different inlength. As such, the fluid chamber is formed between a portion of thelower layer surface and the upper layer surface at one end of thesensor, while the other end of the sensor having conductive layerexposed serve as electric contacts in connection with a monitor ormeter. The novel extra wide sampling entrance provided by the presentinvention can draw blood into the chamber through any part of thesampling entrance opening, i.e. it can draw blood into the chamber notonly from the front of the sampling entrance as usual in convenientsensors, but also from the top, bottom, left corner and right corner ofthe sampling entrance. Thus it allows easily targeting the samples withsmall volume, picking up smeared samples and alleviating jamming theopening end.

According to one embodiment, a disposable electrochemical test sensorhas a sample chamber having a novel extra wide sampling entrance asdescribed in the first and second embodiments, but no additional airescape vent at the second upper layer. Such a design is adapted toimprove sampling of fluid samples. The fluid chamber provides areservoir from which sample fluid can be drawn into the sample receivingchamber through capillary action. The extra wide sampling entranceprovided by the present invention can draw blood into the chamberthrough any part of the opening end. Thus it allows easily targeting thesamples with small volume, picking up smeared samples and alleviatingjamming the opening end. The extra wide sampling entrance provided bythe present invention also serves as the air escape vent. Such oneopening sensor eliminates over-flow issue often encountered inconvenient sensors.

According to one method, an analyte concentration is measured. Adisposable electrochemical test sensor is provided having a samplechamber having a novel extra wide sampling entrance, The chamberprovides a reservoir from which sample fluid can be drawn into thesample receiving chamber through capillary action. In preferredembodiments, the sensor consists of laminated multiple layers whichinclude a base layer having conductive coatings serving as working andreference electrodes and having a notch at the sampling entrance end tocreate additional sampling point and a second base layer used to definethe electrode areas and load chemistries and having a notch at thesampling entrance end to create additional sampling point. The notchesat the first and second base layers are overlaid to form a notch at thebottom of the fluid chamber. The shape and size and number of the notchare not critical. In one preferred embodiment of the present invention,the notch is a semi-circle in the middle of the front entrance end. Thelaminated body also includes a first upper layer serves as spacer whichmay have different shapes, such as circular arc, square, rectangular,triangle, regular trapezoid, inverted trapezoid; and a second upperlayer having a hydrophilic surface facing to the chamber with or withoutvent openings. The upper and base layers are attached through adhesivesor other ways to bond each other, such that the fluid chamber is formedbetween a portion of the lower layer surface and the upper layer surfaceat one end of the sensor, while the other end of the sensor havingconductive layers exposed serve as electric contacts in connection witha monitor or meter.

In one preferred embodiment, the sensor consists of multiple layerswhich include a base layer having conductive coatings serving as workingand reference electrodes and a notch at the sampling entrance end tocreate additional sampling point; a second base layer having at leastone cutout to define the electrode areas and hold chemistries and anotch at the sampling entrance end to create additional sampling point;a first upper layer having semi-circular shape serving as a spacer; anda second upper layer with a hydrophilic surface facing to the chamberand vent openings at distal end of the chamber. The upper and baselayers are attached such that the fluid chamber is formed between aportion of the lower layer surface and the upper layer surface at oneend of the sensor, while the other end of the sensor having conductivelayers exposed serves as electric contacts.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 a and FIG. 1 b are perspective views of the test sensors of thepresent invention according to the first embodiment and the secondembodiment, respectively.

FIG. 2 is an exploded view of the test sensor of the present inventionshowing the four component layers according one embodiment.

FIG. 3 is a top view of the test sensor of the present inventionconsisting of four laminated layers according to one embodiment.

FIG. 4 is a top view of a first base layer to be used in forming a testsensor according to one embodiment.

FIG. 5 is a top view of the second base layer to be used in forming atest sensor according to one embodiment.

FIG. 6 is a top view of the first upper layer to be used in forming atest sensor according to one embodiment.

FIGS. 7 a and 7 b are top views of the second upper layer without (a)and with (b) vent openings to be used in forming a test sensor accordingto one embodiment, respectively.

FIGS. 8 a and 8 b are side views of the test sensors according to thefirst embodiment (a) and second embodiment (b) of the present invention,respectively.

FIGS. 9 a, 9 b and 9 c illustrate that blood can enter the fluid chamberfrom the front (a), side (b) and bottom (c) of the sampling entrance ofthe test sensor according to the first embodiment of the presentinvention, respectively. Note that the test sensor is flipped over inFIG. 9 c.

FIGS. 10 a, 10 b, 10 c and 10 d illustrate that blood can enter thefluid chamber from the top (a), front (b), side (c) and bottom (d) ofthe sampling entrance of the test sensor according to the secondembodiment of the present invention, respectively. Note that the testsensor is flipped over in FIG. 10 d.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATED EMBODIMENTS

The test sensor of the present invention is directed to improve samplingentrance of the strip for the determination of an analyte concentrationof in a fluid sample, such as blood. In one embodiment, a test sensor isadapted to receive a fluid sample from one end of the sensor, while theother end is connected with an instrument or meter. Analytes that may bemeasured include, but not limited to glucose, lactate, uric acid,β-hydroxybutyric acid, creatinine, creatine, cholesterol, triglycerides,hemoglobin, bilirubin, alcohol, etc. The fluid sample may be any bodyfluid, thus, the analytes may be in, for example, a whole blood sample,a blood serum sample, a blood plasma sample, other body fluids liketears, interstitial fluid and urine. In one preferred method, thetesting equipment is a hand-held meter.

In one embodiment, the test sensor is an electrochemical test sensor.FIG. 1 a and FIG. 1 b are perspective views of the test sensors of thepresent invention according to the first embodiment and the secondembodiment, respectively. The sensor has a sensor body 100, an electriccontact end 10 and sampling end 20. The electric contact end may have atleast two contacts used for one working electrode and one referenceelectrode, respectively. In one preferred embodiment, the electriccontact end has three electric contacts serving as contacts for a firstworking electrode; a second working electrode and a reference electrode,respectively.

In one embodiment, the test sensor consists of multiple layers whichinclude a first base layer 200; a second base layer 300; a first upperlayer 400; and a second upper layer 500, as shown in FIG. 2. The firstbase layer 200 made of insulating material has conductive coating on thesurface. The conductive surface is separated into three conduits. Theseparate conductive conduits terminate and are exposed for making anelectric connection to a reading device at the end 10 opposite thesampling end 20 of the laminated body. The first base layer 200 also hasa notch 44 at the front end of the sampling end 20. The second baselayer 300 is made of insulating material having three cutouts 31, 32, 33at the sampling end 20 and a notch 54 at the front end of the samplingend 20. The first upper layer 400 is also made of insulating materialand has a semi-circular shaped cutout 41 at the sampling end 20. Thesecond upper layer 500 is still made of insulating material and hasseveral small openings 74 at the sampling end 20. The second upper layer500 has one side coated with hydrophilic layer which faces the fluidchamber.

FIG. 3 shows a top view of the test sensor consisting of four laminatedlayers according to one embodiment. The notch 34 is combination of thenotch 44 of the first base layer 200 and the notch 54 of the second baselayer 300 when they are overlaid. 91 denotes the side opening when allthe layers are laminated.

FIG. 4 shows a top view of a first base layer 200 to be used in forminga test sensor according to one embodiment. The first base layer 200 hasthree electric conduits for three electrodes at the sampling end 20 andcorresponding electric contacts at the electric contact end 10. It alsohas a notch 44 in the middle of the sampling entrance end. The firstbase layer 200 may be made from a variety of insulating materials suchas polymeric materials, coated with conductive materials such as carbon,various metals or metal oxides. The first base layer 200 with conductivecoating serves as substrate of the test sensor. It also serves aselectrodes at one end 20 and electric contacts at the other end 10. Theinsulating layers of the laminated body may be made from any dielectricmaterial. The preferred material is a plastic material. Non-limitingexamples of polymeric materials, that may be used to form the base layerinclude, but not limited to polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene,polyvinyl chloride, and polytetrafluoroethylene, polycarbonate,polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polyimide andcombinations thereof. The conductive coating may be formed by a varietyof methods which are well known in the field including, but not limitedto printing (e.g., screen-printing), coating (e.g., reverse roll), vapordeposition, sputtering, chemical deposition, and electrochemicaldeposition. The conductive coating may be on a whole piece of insulatingmaterial. If so, a desired number of electric conduits must be made.This can be achieved by etching/scribing the required number ofconductive conduits. The etching process may be accomplished chemically,by mechanically scribing lines in the conductive layer, or by using alaser to scribe the conductive layer into separate conductive conduits.The conductive materials may be, but not limited to various carbonmaterials; various noble metals like gold, platinum, palladium, iridium,rhodium, ruthenium; various metal oxides like indium oxide, tin oxide;and combinations thereof.

Although FIG. 4 shows one notch 44 in the middle of the samplingentrance end. Additional notches could be added along the samplingentrance end, multiple notches could form a saw-tooth like or serratedend. In one preferred embodiment, one notch with a shape of semi-circleis located in the middle of the sampling entrance end, it will beoverlaid with the notch 54 of the second base layer to form a notch 34,thus creating additional sampling point (see below). Size and shape aswell as number of the notch are not critical. The notch shape could be,but not limited to, circular arc, square, rectangular, triangle, regulartrapezoid, inverted trapezoid. In one preferred embodiment, a shape ofsemi-circle with a diameter of 0.1 to 2 mm is used. More preferably, thediameter is around 1 mm.

FIG. 5 shows a top view of the second base layer to be used in forming atest sensor according to one embodiment. The second base layer 300virtually has same width as the first base layer 200, but shorter inlength at the end 10 to expose electric contacts. The second base layer300 is made of electric insulating layer and it is shorter than thefirst base layer at the electric contact end 10 so that conductivecoating at the first base layer can be exposed for electric contactswhen connected with test monitoring device like a hand-held meter. Thesecond base layer 300 has at least one cutout at the end 20. The cutoutexposes a part of the conductive layer when laminated with the firstbase layer 200 and thus defines the electrode area. The cutout can alsobe loaded with chemistries within the well formed. In one embodiment,the second base layer 300 has at least two such cutouts. In onepreferred embodiment, the second base layer 300 has three round cutouts(31, 32, 33) at the end 20 serving as a first working electrode 31; areference electrode 32 and a second working electrode 33. These cutoutshave a diameter ranging from 0.1 mm to 2.5 mm. Preferably, the diameteris ranging from 0.5 mm to 1.5 mm. More preferably, it is around 1 mm.The electrode cutouts 31, 32, 33 have a certain depth, which depends onthe thickness of the electric insulating materials used, thus form threewells and can hold chemistries within the wells. Preferably, thethickness of the electric insulating materials is from 0.01 mm to 0.2mm. More preferably it is around 0.05 mm. In one embodiment of thepresent invention, the electrode cutouts 31, 32, 33 in the second baselayer 300 have the same shape and dimensions. But they can havedifferent shapes, dimensions and/or arrangement orders, withoutdeviating from the scope and spirit of the present invention. Theplacement of all of the cutouts is such that they will be all positionedwithin the sample fluid chamber described above. The cutouts may be madeby die cutting the insulating material mechanically, or cutting with alaser, and then fastening the material to the first base layer. Anadhesive, such as a pressure-sensitive adhesive, may be used to securethe second base insulating layer 300 to the first base layer 200.Adhesion may also be accomplished by ultrasonically bonding the secondbase layer 300 to the first base layer 200. The second base layer 300may also be made by screen printing an insulating material, by binding aphotopolymer or by heat-sealing an insulating material over the firstbase layer 200.

The second base layer 300 also has a notch 54 in the middle of thesampling entrance end. Preferably, the notch 54 has the same size, shapeand location as the notch 44 at the first base layer 200, such that whenall four layers 200, 300, 400 and 500 are laminated as described abovefigures, the notch 44 at the first base layer and the notch 54 at thesecond base layer combine and form a notch 34. The notch 34 located atthe bottom of the sampling entrance opening, thus, creates an extraopening at the bottom of the sampling entrance, which allows a bloodsample entering the fluid chamber through the bottom of the test sensor.This is especially significant for a smeared blood which could be pickedup by the bottom sampling point.

FIG. 6 shows a top view of the first upper layer 400 to be used informing a test sensor according to one embodiment. The first upper layer400 virtually has same width as the second base layer 300. The firstupper layer 400 serves as a spacer in between the two base layers200/300 and the second upper layer 500. The first upper layer 400, orspacer, is also made of a plastic insulating material with glue oradhesive on both sides and creates the sample fluid chamber of thelaminated body. It contains a semi-circular shaped cutout 41 at thesampling end 20 which overlays the second base layer 300 with the openend corresponding to the open end of the laminated body describedearlier. The semi-circular shaped cutout 41 has a diameter of at least 1mm. The diameter of the semi-circle can be larger than or equal to thewidth of the first base layer 200 or second base layer 300. Preferably,it is slightly smaller than the width of the second base layer 300. Morepreferably, it is around 2 mm to 20 mm in the present invention.Assuming the test sensor or the component layers (200, 300, 400 and 500)in the present invention have a width of around 6 mm, preferably, thediameter of the semi-circular shaped cutout is around 5.2 mm. A doublecoated, pressure-sensitive adhesive tape may be used as the first upperlayer 400. The cutout 41 creating the fluid chamber may have differentshapes and size, without deviating from the scope and spirit of thepresent invention. The shape may include, but not limited tosemi-circular, circular arc, square, rectangular, triangle, regulartrapezoid, inverted trapezoid and etc. In one preferred embodiment, thecutout is in semi-circular shape. The thickness and size of the cutout41 determine the volume of the capillary chamber. Preferably, the firstupper layer 400 has a thickness ranging from 0.01 mm to 0.5 mm, thus,the volume of the fluid chamber is about 0.1 to 5 microliter in thepresent invention. The fluid chamber formed as such allows a bloodsample entering the fluid chamber from any part of the entire frontopening end. Besides, the first upper layer 400 is shorter in length atthe sampling end 20 compared to the base layers 200 and 300, as well asthe second top layer 500. As a result, the two base layers and thesecond upper layer are aligned at the front end of the sampling end 20,while the first upper layer is not exposed, thus leaving side openings91 at the left corner and right corner in communication with the fluidchamber. Therefore, the sampling entrance extends from the front openingand bottom opening to the side openings, forming an over 180 degreeextra wide opening. A blood sample can enter the fluid chamber from anypart of the 180 degree extra wide opening.

The laminated body may also have a second upper layer 500 a or 500 b,bonded to the first upper layer 400. FIGS. 7 a and 7 b are top views ofthe second upper layer without (a) and with (b) vent openings to be usedin forming a test sensor according to one embodiment, respectively. Thesecond upper layer 500 b is alternative to the second upper layer 500 a.

According to the first embodiment, the second upper layer 500 a or 500 bvirtually has the same width and length as the second base layer 300.The laminated body is shown in FIG. 1 a (using 500 b as the second upperlayer). The second upper layer 500 a or 500 b is made of a plastic orpolymer materials. Non-limiting examples of polymeric materials, thatmay be used to form the second upper layer 500 a or 500 b, include, butnot limited to polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylenenaphthalate, polyimide and combinations thereof. In one embodiment, thesecond upper layer 500 a or 500 b has a hydrophilic surface facing tothe chamber to facilitate the capillary action. It should be understoodthat the entire side of the second upper layer 500 a or 500 b may becoated with a hydrophilic substance and then bonded to the first upperlayer 400.

In case of using 500 a as the second upper layer, there are noadditional vent openings. Because of the unique design of the extra widesampling entrance in the present invention, air escape is not an issuewhen a fluid sample such as blood enter the fluid chamber. Air canalways find a way to escape from some part of the wide opening.Therefore, the test sensor of the present invention combines thesampling entrance and air escape vent in one extra wide opening. In caseof using 500 b as the second upper layer, there are several small ventopenings located at the distal end of the chamber. The multiple smallvent openings function as air escape vents when a blood sample entersthe fluid chamber. It has been found out that multiple small ventopenings instead of a large vent opening can effectively eliminatesover-flow issues often encountered in conventional sensors. In onepreferred embodiment, there are at least two small round vent openingslocated along the distal end of the fluid chamber. Preferably, thediameter of the openings is less than 0.5 mm. More preferably, it isaround 0.1 mm. The test sensor of the present invention has fiveidentical round vent openings located along the distal end of the fluidchamber.

According to the second embodiment, the second upper layer 500 a or 500b virtually has the same width as the second base layer 300, but shorterin length, leaving the second base layer 300 partially exposed at thesampling end 20, and thus creating additional top opening at the frontof the sampling entrance. The laminated body is shown in FIG. 1 b (using500 b as the second upper layer). It can be seen that the samplingentrance is further widen compared to the first embodiment, which mayallow a blood sample to enter the fluid chamber from the top of thesampling entrance. To facilitate a sampling from the top, it would bedesirable to coat the entire second base layer 300 or at least exposedarea with a hydrophilic layer. In one preferred embodiment, it would bedesirable to partially or entirely coat the second base layer 300 with ahydrophilic layer. More preferably, it would be desirable to merely coatthe exposed part of the second base layer 300 with a hydrophilic layer.

FIGS. 8 a and 8 b are side views of the test sensors consisting of fourlaminated layers including a first base layer 200, second base layer300, first upper layer 400 and second upper layer 500 according to thefirst embodiment (FIG. 8 a) and second embodiment (FIG. 8 b) of thepresent invention, respectively. It should be pointed that the secondupper layer 500 is aligned with the two base layers 200 and 300 at thesampling end 20 for the first embodiment of the present invention, whileit is recessed slightly from the two base layers 200 and 300 for thesecond embodiment, thus forming a top opening in the second embodiment.91 denotes the side opening of the laminated body as described earlier.The length of the side opening 91 is preferably from 0.01 mm to 2.5 mm.More preferably, it is from 0.1 to 0.3 mm. Still more preferably, it isaround 0.25 mm. It should be emphasized that the side opening 91 in theunique design of the present invention is just a part of the extra widesampling opening.

In the first embodiment, the side and front opening plus bottom openingcombine to form extra wide sampling opening and allow a total of foursampling routes including the front, left, right, and bottom of thesampling opening. In the second embodiment, the side and front openingplus bottom and top opening combine to form extra wide sampling openingand thus allow a total of five sampling routes including the front,left, right, top and bottom of the sampling opening. The advantage ofthe test sensor of such three-dimension sampling entrances for bloodsampling can be illustrated through FIGS. 9 and 10.

FIGS. 9 a-9 c illustrate blood entering the fluid chamber for the testsensor according to the first embodiment of the present invention. Notearrows denote blood sampling directions. Because of the extra widesampling entrance opening of the present invention, blood sample canenter the fluid chamber from any part of the opening such as, front(FIG. 9 a); side (left or right, FIG. 9 b) and bottom (FIG. 9 c). Alsonote that the test sensor is flipped over in FIG. 9 c.

FIGS. 10 a-10 d illustrate blood entering the fluid chamber for the testsensor according to the second embodiment of the present invention. Notearrows denote blood sampling directions. Because of the extra widesampling entrance opening of the present invention, blood sample canenter the fluid chamber from any part of the opening such as, top (FIG.10 a); front (FIG. 10 b); side (left or right, FIG. 10 c) and bottom(FIG. 10 d). Note that the test sensor is flipped over in FIG. 10 d.

By having a test sensor with the extra wide openings in the firstembodiment or second embodiment, being adapted to receive a fluidsample, the test sensor of the present invention more easily receivesthe fluid sample from a user and is more tolerant to users who jam thetip of the sensor into his/her finger, is more tolerant to fluid sampleswith very small volume (less than 1 microliter) and even smeared sampleson the finger tip or other sampling site.

Referring back to FIGS. 1-3, the electrode cutouts 31, 32, 33 may beloaded with chemistries that react with an analyte to produce detectableelectrochemical signals. The chemistries may contain an enzyme, anantibody, an antigen, a complexing reagent, a substrate or combinationthereof. The reagents are selected to react with the desired analyte oranalytes to be tested so as to assist in determining an analyteconcentration of a fluid sample. In one embodiment, the reagentstypically contain an enzyme such as, for example, glucose oxidase,glucose dehydrogenase, cholesterol oxidase, creatinine amidinohydrolase,lactate oxidase, peroxidase, uricase, xanthine oxidase and etc. whichreacts with the analyte and with an electron acceptor such as aferricyanide salt to produce an electrochemically measurable speciesthat can be detected by the electrodes. For example, if the analyte ofthe test sensor is glucose, then glucose oxidase or glucosedehydrogenase may be included as the enzyme; if the analyte of the testsensor is uric acid, then uricase may be included as the enzyme. Itshould be noted that in some cases more than one enzyme may be includedto construct the test sensor in order to generate detectableelectrochemical signal. For example, in order to make a test sensor forcholesterol, cholesterol esterase, cholesterol oxidase and peroxidasemay be included in the sensor.

In order for the test sensor to work effectively, the electrode cutouts31, 32, 33 may comprise a mixture of a polymer, an enzyme, a surfactant,an electron acceptor, an electron donor, a buffer, a stabilizer and abinder. The electrode cutouts 31, 32, 33 may further include a mediatorthat is an electron acceptor and assists in generating a current thatcorresponds to the analyte concentration. The preferable mediators couldbe redox chemicals either in oxidized or reduced form. The mediator usedin the present invention may include, but not limited to various metalor noble metal complexes such as potassium ferricyanide, potassiumferrocyanide, cobalt phthalocyanine, various ferrocenes, and variousorganic redox mediators such as methylene blue, methylene green,7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane, tetrathiafulvalene, toluidine blue,meldola blue, N-methylphenazine methosulfate, phenyldiamines,3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine, pyrogallol, and benzoquinone,phenanthroline-5,6-dione and etc. For example, if the enzyme used toconstruct the test sensor is glucose oxidase or glucose dehydrogenase,then potassium ferricyanide may be included as redox mediator; if theenzyme used to construct the test sensor includes peroxidase, thenpotassium ferrocyanide may be included as redox mediator.

The electrode cutouts 31, 32, 33 include a first working electrode 31, asecond working electrode 33 and a reference electrode 32. In oneembodiment, the second working electrode 33 serves as a blank electrodewithout loading a chemistry that reacts with the analyte, such that abackground signal can be measured and be subtracted from the analytesignal resulted from the first working electrode 31. In this embodiment,effect of interference substances on the analyte signal could beminimized. Still in this embodiment, the electric signals such ascurrent, impedance at the working electrodes 31 and 33, and time toobtain these signals could be used to estimate filling status of thefluid chamber (filled or not). Thus, this embodiment could alertunder-fill of fluid samples.

Although the description of test sensor construction above describesconstruction for a single sensor, the design and materials used can alsobe used for making multiple sensors from one large piece of each layermaterial. This would be accomplished by starting with relative largepieces of the first base layer material, second base material, firstupper layer material and second upper layer material. After a series ofpreparations described above, a plurality of multiple test sensors thuscan be constructed to achieve mass production in a cost-effective way.

It should be noted that although the particular embodiments of thepresent invention have been described herein, the above description ismerely for illustration purpose. Further modification and variations ofthe invention herein disclosed will occur to those skilled in therespective arts and all such modifications and variations are deemed tobe within the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.

1. An electrochemical test sensor comprising: a continuous base layerhaving a sampling end and an electric contact end, the base layer havingelectrodes at the sampling end, and electric contacts at the electriccontact end, the electrodes being in communication with the electriccontacts; a middle layer formed of an electrically insulating materialhaving a width approximately equal to a width of the base layer, andhaving a sampling end and an electric contact end, the middle layerdisposed above to the base layer, the middle layer forming a cutoutregion defined by a portion of a front edge being recessed from themiddle layer sampling end along the width of the middle layer; an upperlayer having a sampling end and an electric contact end, the upper layerbeing attached to the middle layer such that the electric contact end isapproximately aligned with the electric contact end of the middle layer,the sampling end of the upper layer being slightly recessed from thesampling end of the base layer, and extending beyond the recessed frontedge of the middle layer; the upper layer further defining a pluralityof small vent openings, each of the plurality of small vent openingsbeing sized to allow a passage of air, but small enough to prevent apassage of a bodily fluid; a fluid chamber defined on a top by the upperlayer, on a bottom by the base layer, on a side by the recessed edge ofthe middle layer defining the cutout region, and having a samplingentrance defined by an open side opposite to the recessed edge of themiddle layer, the fluid chamber sized and configured to receive a fluidby capillary action, and sized and configured to expose the electrodesof the base layer to the fluid; and wherein the recessed upper layerforms a top opening in communication with the fluid chamber.
 2. Theelectrochemical test sensor of claim 1 wherein the base is formed of twoparts, a first base layer comprising the electrodes and electriccontacts, and a second base layer covering a majority of the first baselayer, the second part defining an cutout over each electrode, eachcutout in communication with the fluid chamber, each cutout comprising achemistry configured to react with a fluid when the fluid is within thefluid chamber.
 3. The electrochemical test sensor of claim 2 wherein atleast one of the chemistries is configured to measure a glucoseconcentration of the fluid when the fluid is within of the fluidchamber.
 4. The electrochemical test sensor of claim 1 wherein each ofthe plurality of small vent holes has a diameter of approximately 0.1mm.
 5. The electrochemical test sensor of claim 1 wherein the cutoutregion of the middle layer is formed as a semicircle.
 6. Theelectrochemical test sensor of claim 1 wherein the cutout region of themiddle layer extends across a width of the middle layer.
 7. Theelectrochemical test sensor of claim 1 wherein the sampling end of themiddle layer is slightly recessed from a front edge of the upper layersampling end and recessed from a front edge of the base layer samplingend, wherein the upper layer, middle layer, and base layer define twoside openings in communication with the fluid chamber, the two sideopenings being defined by the middle layer sampling end being slightlyrecessed from the front edge of the upper layer and base layer samplingends.
 8. The electrochemical test sensor of claim 1 wherein the upperlayer further comprises a hydrophilic material on a surface facing thefluid chamber.
 9. The electrochemical test sensor of claim 1 wherein thebase layer further defines a recessed notch along its height on thesampling end, the recessed notch providing a fluid communication withthe fluid chamber from a front edge and a bottom surface of the base.10. An electrochemical test sensor comprising: a continuous base layerhaving a sampling end and an electric contact end, the base layer havingelectrodes at the sampling end, and electric contacts at the electriccontact end, the electrodes being in communication with the electriccontacts; a middle layer formed of an electrically insulating materialhaving a width approximately equal to a width of the base layer, andhaving a sampling end and an electric contact end, the middle layerbeing disposed above the base layer, the middle layer forming a cutoutregion defined by a portion of a front edge being recessed from themiddle layer sampling end along the width of the middle layer; an upperlayer having a sampling end and an electric contact end, the upper layerbeing attached to the middle layer such that the electric contact end isapproximately aligned with the electric contact end of the middle layer;a fluid chamber defined on a top by the upper layer, on a bottom by thebase layer, on a side by the recessed edge of the middle layer definingthe cutout region, and having a sampling entrance defined by an openside opposite to the recessed edge of the middle layer, the fluidchamber sized and configured to receive a fluid by capillary action, andsized and configured to expose the electrodes of the base layer to thefluid; and wherein the base layer further defines a recessed notch alongits height on the sampling end, the recessed notch providing a fluidcommunication with the fluid chamber from a front edge and a bottomsurface of the base.
 11. The electrochemical test sensor of claim 10wherein the base is formed of two parts, a first base layer comprisingthe electrodes and electric contacts, and a second base layer covering amajority of the first base layer, the second part defining an cutoutover each electrode, each cutout in communication with the fluidchamber, each cutout comprising a chemistry configured to react with afluid when the fluid is within the fluid chamber.
 12. Theelectrochemical test sensor of claim 11 wherein at least one of thechemistries is configured to measure a glucose concentration of thefluid when the fluid is within of the fluid chamber.
 13. Theelectrochemical test sensor of claim 10 wherein the cutout region of themiddle layer is formed as a semicircle.
 14. The electrochemical testsensor of claim 10 wherein the cutout region of the middle layer extendsacross a width of the middle layer.
 15. The electrochemical test sensorof claim 10 wherein the sampling end of the middle layer is slightlyrecessed from a front edge of the upper layer sampling end and recessedfrom a front edge of the base layer sampling end, wherein the upperlayer, middle layer, and base layer define two side openings incommunication with the fluid chamber, the two side openings beingdefined by the middle layer sampling end being slightly recessed fromthe front edge of the upper layer and base layer sampling ends.
 16. Theelectrochemical test sensor of claim 10 wherein the upper layer furthercomprises a hydrophilic material on a surface facing the fluid chamber.17. The electrochemical test sensor of claim 11 wherein the notchextends through both the first part and the second part of the base, thenotch being semicircular.
 18. An electrochemical test sensor comprising:a continuous base layer having a sampling end and an electric contactend, the base layer being formed of two parts, a first base layer havingthree electrodes at the sampling end, and three electric contacts at theelectric contact end, the electrodes being in communication with theelectric contacts, the second base layer covering at least a portion ofthe first base layer, the second base layer defining a cutout over eachelectrode; a middle layer formed of an electrically insulating materialhaving a width approximately equal to a width of the base layer, andhaving a sampling end and an electric contact end, the middle layerdisposed above to the base layer, the middle layer forming a cutoutregion defined by a portion of a front edge being recessed from themiddle layer sampling end along the width of the middle layer, thecutout region being formed as a semicircle, the semicircle having adiameter slightly less than the width of the middle layer; an upperlayer having a sampling end and an electric contact end, the upper layerbeing attached to the middle layer such that the electric contact end isapproximately aligned with the electric contact end of the middle layer,the sampling end of the upper layer being slightly recessed from thesampling end of the base layer, and extending beyond the recessed frontedge of the middle layer; the upper layer further defining a pluralityof small vent openings, each of the plurality of small vent openingsbeing sized to allow a passage of air, but small enough to prevent apassage of blood; a fluid chamber defined on a top by the upper layer,on a bottom by the base layer, on a side by the recessed edge of themiddle layer defining the cutout region, and having a sampling entrancedefined by an open side opposite to the recessed edge of the middlelayer, the fluid chamber sized and configured to receive a fluid bycapillary action, and sized and configured to expose the electrodes ofthe base layer to the fluid; wherein each cutout of the second baselayer in communication with the fluid chamber, each cutout of the secondbase layer comprising a chemistry configured to react with a fluid whenthe fluid is within the fluid chamber to indicate an analyteconcentration; wherein the recessed upper layer forms a top opening incommunication with the fluid chamber; the upper layer further comprisinga hydrophilic material on a surface facing the fluid chamber; whereinthe base layer further defines a recessed notch extending along itsentire height on the sampling end, the recessed notch providing a fluidcommunication with the fluid chamber from a front edge and a bottomsurface of the base layer; wherein the sampling end of the middle layeris slightly recessed from the front edge of the upper layer sampling endand recessed from a front edge of the base layer sampling end, whereinthe upper layer, middle layer, and base layer define two side openingsin communication with the fluid chamber, the two side openings beingdefined by the middle layer sampling end being slightly recessed fromthe front edge of the upper layer and base layer sampling ends.
 19. Theelectrochemical test sensor of claim 18 wherein the plurality of smallvents are sized to have a width of approximately 0.1 mm.
 20. A method oftaking a blood sample using the electrochemical test sensor of claim 18comprising the steps of: identifying a blood sample to be analyzed;directing the sampling end of the electrochemical test sensor layers tobe in contact with the identified blood sample; receiving, by capillaryaction, the identified blood sample within the fluid chamber, theidentified blood sample being received into the fluid chamber through atleast one of the open side of the fluid chamber, the top opening, thenotch of the base layer, and the two side openings; and venting air outof the fluid chamber, the air passing through at least one of the smallvent holes, the open side of the fluid chamber, the top opening, thenotch of the base layer, and the two side openings.